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Outline: Gender stereotyping in the Culinary arts 1. Open Paragraph 2. The Household Cook a. How/why women have cooked over time  i. females are still most often expected to be the "cooks," the presenters of enticing tidbits which may be themselves, while men are the consumers  ii. Women did not work, so they had time to take care of house work 1. Average time of cook changed with technology advances 2. Better kitchen appliances and the availability of more processed foods have cut the amount of time necessary to prepare food and helped make it possible for women to do more things outside the home <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">According to a survey at the time, a typical women spent 44 hours a week preparing meals and cleaning up after them 1900 4. Surveys showed that, by the mid- 1920’s, the time spent by women in meal preparation and cleanup was under 30 hours a week 5. Meal preparation and cleanup had dropped to just 10 hours in 1975 <span style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. Less time was spent cooking and preparing food, thus more time was spent doing other things 1. Overall, 20.6 percent of women over the age of 15 were in the paid labor force and Only 5.6 percent of married women were counted in the labor force in 1900 2. During 1930’s the popular press put renewed emphasis on women’s role in the home for fear that women might be taking jobs from men 3. By 1944, a record 35 percent of women were in the labor force, including a quarter of all married women 4. By 1960, 34.5 percent of women were again in the labor force, including a record 31.7 percent of married women. 5. By 1998, only a quarter of married couples with one or more persons in the labor force conformed to the traditional family where the husband had a job and the wife stayed at home. 6. Almost 70 percent of women in such couples with children under 18 were in the labor force <span style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. Women started to take classes and teach others how to cook 1. Nutrition education was largely undertaken by home economists, a growing group of professional women who, by 1900, were finding a place not only in women’s colleges but in public high schools. 2. By 1938, nearly 90 percent of junior and senior high school girls took home economics or similar classes 3. Women of the 1920’s was more likely to be employed (11.7 percent of married women were in the labor force by 1930), more likely to have attended high school, and more likely to take an interest in activities outside the home. Starting in 1920, women could directly influence the political process by voting, <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. Why women cook now(interview but also show graph in back) <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> i.  <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. Marketing to both cooks and chefs <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> i. Government pamphlets and advertisers offered advice on how women could win the war on the “kitchen front” <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ii. As the postwar baby boom got underway, women’s magazines reinforced the traditional ideal of woman as homemakers and mothers. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> iii. The ideal wife, according to popular magazines, was intelligent and well-educated, could cook delicious meals, did housework efficiently, and spent lots of time nurturing her children <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> iv. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">chef wear used to only be made in men sizes <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. The Professional Chef <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. Basic stereotypes in business setting (interview) <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. New women chef POV(interview) <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. old Women chefs POV (interview) <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d. TV's view of women <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> i. Among all the 54 shows between 5pm and 11 pm for 11 days 52% of all chefs were male, and 48% female. 29 were male 27 were female chefs. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> ii. from 7:00 pm to 11:00 pm. The percentage of men increases to 71% male chefs. This leaves only 29% of women chefs during primetime programming. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> iii. the Food Network’s audience comprises of 60% women <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> iv. However, the advertisements during these programs are targeted to homemakers <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> v. The advertisers are targeting an audience that is not reflected by the programming. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> vi. In 2001, British television cook Nigella Lawson was still perpetuating gender stereotypes in her book How to Be a Domestic Goddess <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> vii. the media have discovered the macho sex appeal of many male chefs such as Ming Tsai, Marcus Samuelsson, and Anthony Bourdain, who may well be alluring to both sexes’ <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. My opinion of sexism in culinary <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a. field work <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b. the future <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c. ?? <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Closing Paragraph