Lit+Review

   Lit Review  Is there a discrepancy between the role of women in household as chief cook and food shopper and the role of women as the head of a restaurant. Does it cause problems for women in the culinary industry?   Traditionally, women have been established as the person in charge of food preparation and cooking. In the 1900, they were expected to stay home and cook the bacon that their male counterparts worked to bring home (Food and Rural Economics Division, Bowers). This stereotype has been perpetuated over the past one hundred years by advisements and society (Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Woman's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles, Vincent). As women’s roles have continued to change outside the home, more women work, go to school, among other things, the stereotype of women inside the home remain the same ( []  ). Men, on the other hand , have taken over the culinary world outside of the household kitchen. They hold many of the Head Chef titles at restaurants and are featured in many TV shows ( [] ), ( [|http://nymag.com/restaurants/features/39595] ). Women have been discriminated against working in many professional kitchens (Women Gain Major Roles In Restaurant Kitchens - NYTimes.com, Scholem). Even the U.S. government claims that a Chef is a nontraditional female job (What Male Chefs Should Know: A Woman's Place Is in the Kitchen, White). Extreme sexism in the culinary world bans women from the Chef’s kitchen, but depicts them as the sole member of the household kitchen. This double standard has made it difficult for women to be employed in the modern day restaurant kitchen (Women Gain Major Roles In Restaurant Kitchens - NYTimes.com, Scholem ).  Some sources provide information on the role of women in the household kitchen, like the USDA’s article on Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research. It explains why women have been responsible for housework over the past hundred years, and how technology, laws, and economic status is changing their role in the home. The study in the article "Cooking" also offers good insight into why women cook based on the modern family. "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Woman's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles" is an investigation into the gender stereotyping behind marketing culinary products. These sources together supply a solid base of knowledge on the household role of the women and cooking. Women who cook in the home are significantly different from women cooking in the professional kitchen setting. Women like, Shana White who wrote, "What Male Chefs Should Know: A Woman's Place Is in the Kitchen " explains the point of view of a recent culinary graduate trying to get a job, but facing rejection based on her gender from her male counterparts. Both "Women Gain Major Roles In Restaurant Kitchens" and "Top Female Chefs Dish on Why They're Such a Rare Breed" are articles about well established female chefs who find their gender has put them at a disadvantage. They feel that they must always prove themselves as both a women and a chef. Gender discrimination is also evident on television and plays a role in airtime and stage setting. "Gender and Race Disparity on the Food Network" is a study that highlights these problems on the Food Network. While in a more general view, "Glass Ceilings in the Land of the Rising Sons: The Failure of Workplace Gender Discrimination Law and Policy in Japan" is an example of sexism in the extreme. There seems to be only one kitchen where it is acceptable for women to be and that is the one at home.

sources:


 * USA. USDA. Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service.//Www.ers.usda.gov//. By Douglas E. Bowers. USDA, Jan. 2000. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. < [] >.


 *  "Cooking." //Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales)// 14 Dec. 2006: 27. //Questia//. Web. 2 Mar. 2011.


 * Vincent, Susan. "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Woman's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles." //The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology// 40.2 (2003): 171+. //Questia//. Web. 2 Mar. 2011.


 * White, Shana. "What Male Chefs Should Know: A Woman's Place Is in the Kitchen - NAM." //New America Media//. New America Media, 06 Mar. 2006. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. [].


 * Berzok, Linda Murray. "Sex and Food." //Encyclopedia of Food and Culture//. Ed. Solomon H. Katz. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 264-267. //Gale Virtual Reference Library//. Web. 7 Mar. 2011.


 * Scholem, Richard Jay. "Women Gain Major Roles In Restaurant Kitchens - NYTimes.com." //The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia //. The New York Times, 24 Oct. 1993. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.


 * <span style="border: white 1pt solid; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">Goff, Helen A. "Glass Ceilings in the Land of the Rising Sons: The Failure of Workplace Gender Discrimination Law and Policy in Japan." //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Law and Policy in International Business //<span style="border: white 1pt solid; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> 26.4 (1995): 1147-1168. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Questia //<span style="border: white 1pt solid; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Genderand Race Disparity on the Food Network." //Www.unc.edu//. UNC. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. <http://www.unc.edu/~ebstring/foodnetwork.pdf>.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">21, Published Oct. "Top Female Chefs Dish on Why They're Such a Rare Breed -- New York Magazine." //New York Magazine -- NYC Guide to Restaurants, Fashion, Nightlife, Shopping, Politics, Movies//. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. <http://nymag.com/restaurants/features/39595/>.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">Women, Audience Null. "WB - Statistics & Data." //The U.S. Department of Labor Home Page//. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/main.htm>.